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Here, you will be able to download lots of biotechnology textbooks PDF free download with no hassle involved. Getting biotechnology books PDF free download and every other textbook you need is much easier now than it ever was. Biotechnology Books PDF. Books are also the key to learning. However, the decrease in oil prices in l again widened the gap and left uncertainty in the minds of industrial planners. However, once again, oil prices have escalated and it is doubtful if they will ever again decrease.

The most important criteria that will determine the selection of a raw material for a biotechnological process will include price, availability, com- position, form and oxidation state of the carbon source. At present the most widely used and of commercial value are corn starch, molasses and raw sugar. There is little doubt that cereal crops, particularly maize, rice and wheat, will be the main short- and medium-term raw materials for biotech- nological processes.

It is hoped that this can be achieved without seri- ously disturbing human and animal food supplies. Throughout the world there is an uneven distribution of cereal production capacity and demand. Although much attention has been given to the uses of wastes in biotechnology there are many major obstacles to be overcome. For instance, availability of agricultural wastes is seasonal and geographical availabil- ity problematic; they are also often dilute and may contain toxic wastes.

However, their build-up in the environment can present serious pollu- tion problems and therefore their utilisation in biotechnological processes, albeit at little economic gain, can have overall community value. Biotechnology will have profound effects on agriculture and forestry by enabling production costs to be decreased, quality and consistency of products to be increased, and novel products generated.

Wood is extensively harvested to provide fuel, materials for construc- tion and to supply pulp for paper manufacture. There may also be an increased non-food use of many agriculturally derived substances such as sugars, starches, oils and fats. Supplies in excess of food needs could allow new industries to develop and reduce poverty. Devel- opment of disease-resistant cotton plants by new molecular methods could have major economical and environmental impact.

How successful will biomass be as a crucial raw material for biotechnol- ogy? Chapter 3 Genetics and biotechnology 3. There are two broad categories of genes — structural and regulatory. Struc- tural genes encode for amino acid sequences of proteins, which, as enzymes, determine the biochemical capabilities of the organism by catalysing par- ticular synthetic or catabolic reactions or, alternatively, play more static roles as components of cellular structures.

In contrast, the regulatory genes control the expression of the structural genes by determining the rate of production of their protein products in response to intra- or extracellular signals. The derivation of these principles has been achieved using well known genetic techniques, which will not be considered further here. The seminal studies of Watson and Crick and others in the early s led to the construction of the double-helix model depicting the molecular structure of DNA, and subsequent hypotheses on its implications for the understanding of gene replication.

Since then there has been a spectacu- lar unravelling of the complex interactions required to express the coded chemical information of the DNA molecule into cellular and organismal expression. Changes in the DNA molecule making up the genetic comple- ment of an organism are the means by which organisms evolve and adapt themselves to new environments.

The precise role of DNA is to act as a reser- voir of genetic information. In nature, changes in the DNA of an organism can occur in two ways: 1 by mutation, which is a chemical deletion or addition of one or more of the chemical parts of the DNA molecule 2 by the interchange of genetic information or DNA between like organ- isms normally by sexual reproduction, and by horizontal transfer in bacteria.

In eukaryotes, sexual reproduction is achieved by a process of conju- gation in which there is a donor, called male, and a recipient, called female. Often these are determined physiologically and not morphologi- cally. Bacterial conjugation involves the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell.

Transduction is the transfer of DNA mediated by a bacte- rial virus bacteriophage or phage and cells that have received transducing DNA are referred to as transductants. Genetic trans- fer by this way in bacteria is a natural characteristic of a wide variety of bacterial genera such a Campylobacter, Neisseria and Streptomyces.

Strains of bacteria not naturally transformable can be induced to take up isolated DNA by chemical treatment or by electroporation. Classical genetics was, until recently, the only way in which heredity could be studied and manipulated. However, in recent years, new tech- niques have permitted unprecedented alterations in the genetic make-up of organisms even allowing exchange in the laboratory of DNA between unlike organisms. Organismal manipulation Genetic manipulation of whole organisms has been happening naturally by sexual reproduction since the beginning of time.

The evolutionary progress of almost all living creatures has involved active interaction between their genomes and the environment. Active control of sexual reproduction has been practised in agriculture for decades — even centuries. In more recent times it has been used with several industrial microorganisms, e. It involves selection, mutation, sexual crosses, hybridisation, etc. However, it is a very random process and can take a long time to achieve desired results — if at all in some cases.

Cellular manipulation Cellular manipulations of DNA have been used for over two decades, and involve either cell fusion or the culture of cells and the regeneration of whole plants from these cells. Successful biotechnological examples of these methods include monoclonal antibodies see later and the cloning of many important plant species.

This is the much publicised area of genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technol- ogy, which is now bringing dramatic changes to biotechnology. Current industrial ventures are concerned with the production of new types of organism, and of numerous compounds ranging from phar- maceuticals to commodity chemicals; these are discussed in more detail in later chapters.

The success of strain selection and improvement programmes practised by all biologically based industries e. The task of improving yields of some primary metabolites and macromolecules e. Advances have been achieved in this area by using screening and selection techniques to obtain better organisms.

In a selection system all rare or novel strains grow while the rest do not; in a screening system all strains grow, but cer- tain strains or cultures are chosen because they show the desired qualities required by the industry in question. How- ever, such methods normally lead only to the loss of undesired character- istics or increased production due to loss of control functions. It has rarely led to the appearance of a new function or property. Thus, an organism with a desired feature will be selected from the natural environment, prop- agated and subjected to a mutational programme, then screened to select the best progeny.

In particular, this has been the case in antibiotic-producing microorganisms; this has meant that the only way to change the genome with a view to enhancing produc- tivity has been to indulge in massive mutational programmes followed by screening and selection to detect the new variants that might arise. Once a high-producing strain has been found, great care is required in maintaining the strain.

Strain or culture instability is a constant problem in industrial utilisation of microorganisms and mammalian cells. Industry has always placed great emphasis on strain viability and productivity potential of the preserved biological material. Most industrially important microorganisms can be stored for long periods, for example in liquid nitrogen, by lyophili- sation freeze-drying or under oil, and still retain their desired biological properties.

However, despite elaborate preservation and propagation methods, a strain has generally to be grown in a large production bioreactor in which the chances of genetic changes through spontaneous mutation and selec- tion are very high.

The chance of a high rate of spontaneous mutation is probably greater when the industrial strains in use have resulted from many years of mutagen treatment. Great secrecy surrounds the use of indus- trial microorganisms and immense care is taken to ensure that they do not unwittingly pass to outside agencies.

There is now a growing movement away from the extreme empiricism that characterised the early days of the fermentation industries. Fundamen- tal studies of the genetics of microorganisms now provide a background of knowledge for the experimental solution of industrial problems, and increasingly contribute to progress in industrial strain selection. In recent years, industrial genetics has come to depend increasingly on two new ways of manipulating DNA — protoplast and cell fusion, and recombinant DNA technology.

These are now important additions to the technical repertoire of the geneticists involved with biotechnological indus- tries. A brief examination of these techniques will attempt to show their increasingly indispensable relevance to modern biotechnology.

Immediately within the cell wall is the living membrane, or plasma membrane, retaining all the cellular components such as nuclei, mitochon- dria, vesicles, etc.

For some years now it has been possible, using special techniques in particular, hydrolytic enzymes , to remove the cell wall, releasing spherical membrane-bound structures known as protoplasts. These protoplasts are extremely fragile but can be maintained in isolation for vari- able periods of time. In practice, it is the cell wall that largely hinders the sexual conjugation of unlike organisms. Only with completely sexually compatible strains does the wall degenerate allowing protoplasmic interchange.

Thus natural sexual-mating barriers in microorganisms may, in part, be due to cell wall limitations, and by removing this cell wall, the likelihood of cellular fusions may increase.

Protoplasts from different strains can sometimes be persuaded to fuse and so overcome the natural sexual-mating barriers. However, the range of protoplast fusions is severely limited by the need for DNA compatibility between the strains concerned. Fusion of proto- plasts can be enhanced by treatment with the chemical polyethylene glycol, which, under optimum conditions, can lead to extremely high frequencies of recombinant formation that can be increased still further by ultraviolet irradiation of the parental protoplast preparations.

Protoplast fusion can also occur with human or animal cell types. Protoplast fusion has obvious empirical applications in yield improve- ment of antibiotics by combining yield-enhancing mutations from different strains or even species.

Protoplasts will also be an important part of genetic engineering, in facilitating recombinant DNA transfer. Fusion may provide a method of re-assorting whole groups of genes between different strains of macro- and microorganisms. One of the most exciting and commercially rewarding areas of biotech- nology involves a form of mammalian cell fusion leading to the formation of monoclonal antibodies. It has long been recognised that certain cells B-lymphocytes within the bodies of vertebrates have the ability to secrete antibodies that can inactivate contaminating or foreign molecules the antigen within the animal system.

It has been calculated that a mammalian species can generate up to million different antibodies thereby ensuring that most invading foreign antigens will be bound by some antibody. For the mammalian system they are the major defence against disease-causing organisms and other toxic molecules. It is now known that individual B-lymphocyte cells produce single antibody types.

However, in George Kohler and Cesar Milstein successfully demonstrated the production of pure or monoclonal antibodies from the fusion product hybridoma of B-lymphocytes antibody- producing cells and myeloma tumour cells.

Stage 3: the Survive in special medium specific antibody-producing STAGE 2 hybridoma is selected and propagated in culture vessels in Cloned on agar and selected vitro or in animal in vivo and monoclonal antibodies harvested. Single hybrid cells can then be selected and grown as clones or pure cultures of the hybridomas. Monoclonal antibody formation is performed by injecting a mouse or rabbit with the antigen, later removing the spleen and then allowing fusion of individual spleen cells with individual myeloma cells.

Techniques are available to identify the right antibody-secreting hybridoma cell, cloning or propa- gating that cell into large populations with subsequent large formation of the desired antibody.

These cells may be frozen and later re-used. By means of suit- able standards and controls the detection system can quantify the selected antigen in the system by selectively labelling the antibody with a marker that can be quantitatively determined. Figure 3.

Nor- mally a coloured product is produced, which can be monitored using a spectrophotometer. Monoclonal antibodies may also be used in the future as antibody therapy to carry cytotoxic drugs to the site of Fig. In the fermentation industry they are already widely used as procedure. The monoclonal antibody market antigen is then washed away. In a second step, an enzyme-labelled is expected to continue to grow at a very high rate and in healthcare alone antibody specific to a second site the anticipated annual world market could be several billion US dollars on the antigen is added.

Again the within the next few years. It is undoubtedly one of the most commercially excess labelled antibody, which successful and useful areas of modern biotechnology and will be expanded does not bind to the antigen, is on later in several chapters.

Finally, a substrate is added and the conversion of this by the enzyme is 3. Because DNA using a spectrophotometer.

Genetic recombination, as occurs during normal sexual reproduction, consists of the breakage and rejoining of the DNA molecules of the chro- mosomes, and is of fundamental importance to living organisms for the re- assortment of genetic material. Genetic manipulation has been performed for centuries by selective breeding of plants and animals superimposed on natural variation. The potential for genetic variation has, thus, been limited to close taxonomic relatives.

In contrast, recombinant DNA techniques, popularly termed gene cloning or genetic engineering, offer potentially unlimited opportunities for creating new combinations of genes that at the moment do not exist under natural conditions. Source: Harwood and Wipat, Genes may be viewed as the biological software and are the programs that drive the growth, development and functioning of an organism. By changing the software in a precise and controlled manner, it becomes possible to produce desired changes in the characteristics of the organism.

These techniques allow the splicing of DNA molecules of quite diverse origin, and, when combined with techniques of genetic transformation etc. The foreign DNA or gene construct is introduced into the genome of the recipient organism host in such a way that the total genome of the host is unchanged except for the manipulated gene s.

Thus DNA can be isolated from cells of plants, animals or microorgan- isms the donors and can be fragmented into groups of one or more genes. Such passenger DNA fragments can then be coupled to another piece of DNA the vector and then passed into the host or recipient cell, becom- ing part of the genetic complement of the new host Fig.

The host cell can then be propagated in mass to form novel genetic properties and chemical abilities that were unattainable by conventional ways of selective breeding or mutation. Genetic engineering will now enable the breeder to select the particular gene required for a desired characteristic and modify only that gene. Although much work to date has involved bacteria, the techniques are evolving at an astonishing rate and ways have been developed for intro- ducing DNA into other organisms such as yeasts and plant and animal cell cultures.

Provided that the genetic material transferred in this manner can replicate and be expressed in the new cell type, there are virtually no lim- its to the range of organisms with new properties that could be produced by genetic engineering. These methods potentially allow totally new functions to be added to the capabilities of organisms, and open up vistas for the genetic engineer- ing of industrial microorganisms and agricultural plants and animals that are quite breathtaking in their scope.

It should be noted that genetic engineer- ing is a way of doing things rather than an end in itself. Genetic engineering will add to, rather than displace, traditional ways of developing products.

However, there are many who view genetic engineering as a transgression of normal life processes that goes well beyond normal evolution.

These concerns will be discussed in later chapters. Genetic engineering holds the potential to extend the range and power of almost every aspect of biotechnology. In microbial technology these techniques will be widely used to improve existing microbial processes by improving stability of existing cultures and eliminating unwanted side- products. In this way fermentations based on these technical advances could become competitive with petrochemicals for producing a whole range of chemical compounds, for example ethylene glycol used in the plastics industry as well as improved biofuel produc- tion.

A full understanding of the working concepts of recombinant DNA tech- nology requires a good knowledge of molecular biology. Source: Wells adsorption to a sillica matrix contaminants. Separate cells from media for binding to magnetic and Herron, Chronology of steps varies with protocol Elution Cell lysis Debris elimination Elute the purified DNA by Lyse cells using enzyme, Eliminate cell wall, membrane, releasing it from matrix or detergent, pH or mechanical lipids, carbohydrates, proteins beads or by pelleting the disruption.

Neutralisation centrifugation, supernatant Neutralise lysis to prevent removal or wash steps. A prerequisite for in vitro gene technology is to prepare large quantities of relatively pure nucleic acids from the desired organism.

After disruption of the cells the nucleic acids must be separated from other cellular components using a variety of techniques including centrifugation, electrophoresis, adsorption and various forms of precipitation Fig. Cutting DNA molecules. DNA can be cut using mechanical or enzymatic methods. Restriction endonucleases can distinguish between DNA from their own cells and foreign DNA by recognising a certain sequence of nucleotides.

This allows the breaking open of a length of DNA into shorter fragments that contain a number of genes determined by the enzyme used. Such DNA fragments can then be separated from each other on the basis of different molecular weight. Splicing DNA. The DNA ligase that is widely used was encoded by phage T4. The vector or carrier system. Two broad categories of expression vector molecules have been developed as vehicles for gene transfer, plasmids small units of DNA distinct from chromosomes and bacteriophages or bacterial viruses.

Vector molecules will normally exist within a cell in an independent or extrachromosomal form not becoming part of the chromosomal system of the organism. Vector molecules should be capable of entering the host cell and replicating within it. Ideally, the vector should be small, easily prepared and must contain at least one site where integration of foreign DNA will not destroy an essential function.

Plasmids will undoubtedly offer the greatest potential in biotechnology and have been found in an increasingly wide range of organisms, for example, bacteria, yeasts and mould fungi; they have been mostly studied in Gram-negative bacteria. The tag can later be removed. Introduction of vector DNA recombinants. The new recombinant DNA can now be introduced into the host cell by transformations the direct uptake of DNA by a cell from its environment or transductions DNA transferred from one organism to another by way of a carrier or vector system and if acceptable the new DNA will be cloned with the propagation of the host cell.

Introduction of The vectors are either viruses or plasmids, vectors into host and are replicons and can exist in an cells extrachromosomal state; transfer normally by transduction or transformation. Selection of newly Selection and ultimate characterisation of acquired DNA the recombinant clone. Novel methods of ensuring DNA uptake into cells include electro- poration and mechanical particle delivery or biolistics.

Creation of such pores in a membrane allows introduction of foreign molecules, such as DNA, RNA, antibodies, drugs, etc. Development of this technology has arisen from synergy of biophysics, bioengineering and cell and molecular biology. While the technique is now widely used to create transgenic microorganisms, plants and animals, it is also being increasingly used for application of therapeutics and gene therapy.

This process is increasingly used to introduce new genes into a range of bacterial, fungal, plant and mammalian species and has become a main method of choice for genetic engineering of many plant species including rice, corn, wheat, cotton and soybean. The strategies involved in genetic engineering are summarised in Table 3.

Fur- ther research is required before such exchanges become commonplace and the host organisms propagated in large quantities.

Mammalian systems have been increasingly developed using the Simian virus SV40 and oncogenes genes that cause cancer , while several successful methods are available for plant cells, in par- ticular the Agrobacterium system. Thus, in the last four decades, molecular biology has formulated evidence for the unity of genetic systems together with the basic mechanisms that regulate cell functions.

Thus, the diversity of life forms on this planet derives from small changes in the regulatory systems that control the expression of genes. The strands or polymers that comprise the DNA molecule are held to each other by hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. In this arrangement A only binds to T while G only binds to C, and this unique system folds the entire molecule into the now well recognised double-helix structure.

The polymerase chain reaction involves three processing steps — denatu- ration, annealing and then extension by DNA polymerase Fig. The double-stranded DNA is heated and separates into two single strands. See 5' Graham, A major recent advance has been the development of automated thermal cyclers PCR machines that allow the entire PCR to be performed automatically in several hours.

Genomes of all organisms consist of millions of repetitions of the four nucleotides, C, G, A and T. In humans, there are over million nucleotides. However, recent developments in sequencing technology have allowed the process to be automated and greatly speeded up. In many applications automated sequencers can produce over base pairs of sequence from overnight operations. There are now publicly available databases, such as GenBank, which provide numer- ous online services for identifying, aligning and comparing sequences.

Nucleic acid hybridisation relies on the ability of single-stranded probe nucleic acid DNA or RNA to become attached or annealed hybridisation to complementary single-stranded target sequences DNA or RNA within a population of non-complementary nucleic acid molecules. Such techniques are extensively used in biotechnology, e. Probe-based technical systems are obtained by immobilising probes to inorganic substances, i.

This is also referred to as solid-phase hybridisation. DNA chips or micro-arrays are intrinsically miniaturised extensions of conventional tests of nucleic acid hybridisation. Micro-arrays are minia- turised solid supports typically a glass slide or grid of single-stranded DNA fragments that can represent all, or a subpopulation of, the genes of an organism.

The great advantage of these systems is that they can only require small amounts of resources. The term genome is used in the more abstract sense to refer to the sum total of the genetic information or DNA of an organism. A typical genome project seeks to determine the complete DNA structure for a given organ- ism and to identify and map all of the genes. However, the major event in molecular genetics was the elucidation of the human genome sequence in The Human Genome Project cost nearly 3 billion dollars.

While there has been much hype concerning the ethical and commer- cial implications of these discoveries, this is only the beginning of the under- standing of the real functional activity within cells, in tissues and in whole organisms. Medical Biotechnology as a separate course is offered in a few universities and is increasingly finding favour as a mainstream discipline Medical Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary subject that brings together the combined research and applications from the fields of r-DNA technology, microbiology and medicine.

The book starts with a brief overview of biotechnology and healthcare. Key topics like molecular pharming, drug design and delivery, chiral technology, regenerative medicine, nanomedicine and pharmacogenomics are dealt with in great detail.

The Fifth Edition completely updates the previous edition, and also includes additional coverage on the newer approaches such as oligonucleotides, siRNA, gene therapy and nanotech and enzyme replacement therapy. Pharmaceuticals Biotechnology and the Law is the definitive guide to the law in Europe relating to pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and their related areas such as medical devices.

Written by leading patent and regulatory lawyer Trevor Cook, WilmerHale , this is the only text which comprehensively covers the wide variety of legal and regulatory issues which surround these industry sectors. The new edition examines the background to, and the impact of, the law affecting this area. The foundations of pharmaceutical biotechnology lie mainly in the capability of plants, microorganism, and animals to produce low and high molecular weight compounds useful as therapeutics.

Pharmaceutical biotechnology has flourished since the advent of recombinant DNA technology and metabolic engineering, supported by the well-developed bioprocess technology. Due to this rapid growth in the importance of biopharmaceuticals and the techniques of biotechnologies to modern medicine and the life sciences, the field of pharmaceutical biotechnology has become an increasingly important component in the education of pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists.

This book will serve as a complete one-stop source on the subject for undergraduate and graduate pharmacists, pharmaceutical science students, and pharmaceutical scientists in industry and academia. The latest edition of this highly acclaimed textbook, provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the science and medical applications of biopharmaceutical products.

Biopharmaceuticals refers to pharmaceutical substances derived from biological sources, and increasingly, it is synonymous with 'newer' pharmaceutical substances derived from genetic engineering or hybridoma technology.

This superbly written review of the important areas of investigation in the field, covers drug production, plus the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action together with the biotechnology of major biopharmaceutical types on the market or currently under development.

There is also additional material reflecting both the technical advances in the area and detailed information on key topics such as the influence of genomics on drug discovery.

This lead is largely due to its earlier start in the academic arena. From an industrial point of view, the Pharmaceutical Industry based in the US and UK can capitalize on these opportunities and gain the benefits of this technology. Many educational institutions particularly their medical divisions at present are heavily business-oriented, realize that in this particular industrial environment, that every dollar counts.

Sreenivasulu V. Author : Sreenivasulu V.